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Construction and Application of a Panoramic Map of Viral Mutations Based on the “Six Completeness and One Correlation” Framework
WANG Ji;CHEN Cao;Viral mutations continuously reshape pathogen characteristics, posing substantial challenges to vaccine development, antiviral therapies, and public health strategies. Although high-throughput sequencing and international databases such as GISAID and GenBank provide vast genomic resources, current research often remains limited to isolated or unidimensional analyses, lacking integrated, spatiotemporal, and multi-faceted insights. To address this gap, we developed a panoramic map of viral mutations based on the "Six Completeness and One Correlation" framework. This approach integrates genomic sequences, mutation sites, spatiotemporal distribution, evolutionary trends, clinical data, and data provenance to comprehensively characterize mutation landscapes of viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, influenza virus, and respiratory syncytial virus. The platform supports informed decision-making in vaccine design, outbreak forecasting, and precision prevention through the application of machine learning and big data analytics for efficient multi-dimensional data correlation.Looking forward, the system is designed to support real-time data updates, automated alerts, and adaptive strategy adjustments via mobile internet and live data streaming, offering a powerful tool to enhance global health security and pandemic preparedness.
Genomic Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of an Echovirus 5 Strain Isolated in Beijing,China
HAN Zhenzhi;JIA Liping;ZHU Runan;LIN Chenbo;FU Hanhaoyu;ZHANG Kexiang;JIANG Mingli;XU Yanpeng;HUANG Hui;DENG Li;ZHAO Linqing;To characterize the full-length genome and evolutionary features of an Echovirus 5(E5) strain circulating in Beijing and to provide baseline data for understanding its molecular epidemiological characteristics.Throat swab samples were collected from pediatric patients clinically diagnosed with hand, foot, and mouth disease(HFMD) at the Children's Hospital affiliated with the Capital Institute of Pediatrics between March 2010 and October 2019. Samples were screened using quantitative RT-PCR for pan-enteroviruses(pan-EV), Enterovirus A71(EV-A71), Coxsackievirus A16(CVA16), CVA6, and CVA10. For samples that tested positive for pan-EV but negative for the four common serotypes, the VP1 coding region was amplified and sequenced for serotyping. E5-positive samples were subjected to virus isolation using human rhabdomyosarcoma(RD) cells, and the complete genome of the isolated strain was sequenced. Molecular typing and phylogenetic analysis were performed using bioinformatics tools. Among the 7,652 throat swab samples screened, the positivity rates for EV-A71, CVA16, CVA6, and CVA10 were 4.67%, 6.73%, 16.96%, and 2.04%, respectively. Other enterovirus serotypes and untyped strains accounted for 7.48%. Two samples were positive for E5, and one isolate(strain s7335) was successfully obtained. The full-length genome of strain s7335 shared 80.2% nucleotide identity with the E5 prototype Noyce strain. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 coding region revealed that E5 strains globally cluster into five genotypes(A-E), with inter-genotypic nucleotide divergence ranging from 17.80% to 24.60%. Genotype C could be further divided into subgenotypes C1 and C2. Strain s7335 belonged to genotype E and formed an independent evolutionary lineage along with other E5 strains circulating in China. Recombination analysis suggested that the P3 region may have originated from CVA9(GenBank accession no. OL519579). This study reports the complete genome sequence of an echovirus 5isolate from Beijing. Compared to the prototype strain, it exhibits substantial genetic divergence and potential recombination events. Continuous nucleotide variation in the VP1 region and the presence of an independent transmission chain in China underscore the need for enhanced surveillance of rare enterovirus serotypes.
Quantitative Analysis of Age-Related Risk for Severe Cases of Hand,Foot,and Mouth Disease in Hubei Province,China
LIU Tian;HUANG Shuqiong;RUAN Dexin;XIANG Quan;QIN Zhou;XIE Cong;ZHAO Jing;The continuous effect of age on the risk of severe hand, foot, and mouth disease(HFMD) remains unclear. This study analyzed 104 384 HFMD cases aged 10 years or younger reported in Hubei Province,China from 2009 to 2018. Severity status was treated as the dependent variable, with sex, region, virological type, time from onset to consultation, population classification, year, and month of onset included as covariates. Age was modeled as the main independent variable using a restricted cubic spline(RCS) function, and subgroup analyses were conducted by sex and virological type. A total of 1,150 severe cases were identified, with a severity rate of 1.10%. The RCS model indicated that age was a significant factor associated with severe HFMD(χ21426.32, P<0.001), and a nonlinear relationship was observed between age and risk of severity(χ23.43, P=0.064). Overall, the risk of severe HFMD decreased with increasing age(Average Age Percent Change, AAPC = –13.71%, 95%CI: –13.79% to –13.64%). A piecewise log-linear regression revealed an inflection point at 2.66 years of age(95%CI: 2.61 to 2.70 years), with Age Percent Change(APC) of –23.69%(95%CI: –24.02% to –23.35%) before and –8.51%(95%CI: –8.59% to –8.42%) after the inflection point. Subgroup analyses showed similar nonlinear trends in males(χ24.31, P=0.038) and in EVA71-infected cases(χ2=3.59, P=0.058). In contrast, no significant association was observed for CVA16(OR=0.93, 95%CI: 0.68–1.24) or other enteroviruses(OR=0.95, 95%CI: 0.77–1.15). These findings suggest a generally declining nonlinear dose-response relationship between age and severe HFMD risk, with a critical inflection point at 2.66 years. Greater attention should be paid to younger children, particularly those under 2.66 years of age infected with EV-A71, due to their higher risk of disease progression.
Application of the Moving Epidemic Method in Studying the Epidemic Intensity Threshold of Hand,Foot and Mouth Disease in Xinjiang,China
QIU Ruiying;GAO Zhenguo;DONG Yan;XIAPIKAITIJIANG·Aihaiti;CHEN Zihan;XIAYIDANMU·Abudusaimaiti;YIN Zhe;MA Yuanyuan;WANG Qi;FUERHATI·Wushouer;PKU-MSD Joint Laboratory on Infectious Disease Prevention and Control;The moving epidemic method(MEM) was employed to establish epidemic classification warning thresholds for hand, foot and mouth disease(HFMD) in Xinjiang, China, aiming to provide scientific support for the development and implementation of prevention and control policies. Weekly incidence data of HFMD in Xinjiang, China from 2014 to 2023 was collected, with the epidemic peak determined by drawing the weekly incidence curve. After eliminating unstable data and years, data from 2014-2019 and weeks 6-36 of 2022 were selected to build the epidemic classification warning model. The optimal model was selected to assess the prevalence of HFMD in 2023. Results showed a bimodal distribution for HFMD, with the main epidemic peak occurring from weeks 6 to 36, and a smaller peak from week 37 to week 5 of the following year. The model stability for the smaller peak was poor, so no further modeling was performed. The 2020-2021 data exhibited poor fitting and was excluded. The optimal model parameter δ was 2.3, with sensitivity, specificity, and the Jorden index of 0.78, 0.97, and 0.76, respectively, indicating a good fit. The epidemic peak threshold for HFMD in Xinjiang, China in 2023 was 0.51/100,000, with the epidemic end threshold at 0.76/100,000. The thresholds for medium, high, and extremely high prevalence were 1.87/100,000, 3.99/100,000, and 5.58/100,000, respectively. MEM can be applied for hierarchical early warning responses in HFMD surveillance, with the flexibility to adjust warning times based on actual conditions.
Establishment of an Indirect ELISA Antibody Detection Method for Lumpy Skin Disease Virus
LI Jing;ZHANG Lei;DONG Chunna;XIAO Jin;This study established an indirect ELISA for the detection of antibodies against lumpy skin disease virus(LSDV) using a combination of four dominant antigenic peptides from LSDV proteins L1R, A27L, A33R and P32 as the coating antigens, which were identified through prior laboratory screening. The sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility of the method were validated. The results showed that t this assay could detect antibodies at a dilution of 1:640. The test yielded negative results for sera from healthy cattle and those positive for other viruses,indicating 100% specificity. The intra-assay coefficient of variation ranged from 2.3% to 11.9%, while the inter-assay coefficient of variation ranged from 3.4% to 12.6%. A comparison with an imported ELISA kit using sera collected at different time points post-immunization demonstrated that the ELISA developed in this study exhibited higher sensitivity. These findings suggest that the established ELISA method offers high sensitivity, strong specificity, and excellent reproducibility, making it a valuable tool for LSDV antibody detection.
Research Progress on Human Parvovirus B19 and its Infection Mechanisms and Antiviral Compounds against Parvovirus B19 Infection
CHEN Yan;MA Kuifen;YU Xiaoping;WU Yihang;Human parvovirus B19(B19V) is a single-stranded DNA virus of the genus Erythrovirus in the family Parvoviridae. In 1990, B19V infection was first detected in humans in China. The virus is mainly transmitted through the respiratory tract and blood products. It can cause various diseases and widespread epidemics in humans throughout the world. B19V requires strict cultivation conditions and its proliferation is difficult in vitro. This virus typically causes self-limiting infections in patients with normal immune function.However, B19V infection often presents severe clinical manifestations in patients with hematological diseases, immune system dysfunction or suppression, especially in organ transplant recipients. In pregnant women infected with B19V, it can cause fetal edema, congenital anemia and miscarriage. The full map of the natural history of B19V infection is still unclear at present. Main susceptible populations of this virus include children, pregnant women and immunocompromised patients. The clinical treatment for B19V infection is mostly symptomatic and supportive therapy due to no specific antiviral drugs available. There is also no approved vaccine to prevent B19V infection so far. In recent years, the outbreak of B19V infection has occurred in multiple countries. Its harm is often underestimated and ignored. There is an urgent need to develop effective and specific antiviral drugs against B19V infection. Therefore, we reviewed the current status on B19V, its infection mechanism and antiviral compounds against the virus infection. Furthermore, to provide important references for the control of B19V infection as well as R&D of anti-B19V agents, this review analyzed the issues and challenges in cell culture models for B19V infection, in the possible interference of persistent presence of B19V in tissues as well as in R&D of antiviral drugs against B19V infection.
Effect of Cytomegalovirus Infection on Amino Acid Metabolism and Correlation Analysis with Hepatitis Syndrome
CHEN Kaiquan;GUO Ziwei;MA Jin;In order to investigate the effects of cytomegalovirus(CMV) infection on amino acid metabolism of infants and its relationship with the occurrence of hepatitis syndrome(IHS), 80 cases of infants and young children who received medical examination from January 2020 to June 2024 were selected and divided into CMV infection group(48 cases) and non-CMV infection group(32 cases). After clinical diagnosis, 43 of the selected cases were diagnosed with IHS and 37 were non-IHS. Plasma amino acid levels of infants and young children were detected by Spearman analysis, and the correlation between CMV infection and plasma amino acid levels, and the correlation between IHS and CMV infection and plasma amino acid levels in infants and young children were analyzed. Logistic regression was used to analyze the correlation factors of IHS in infants. Receiver operating(ROC) curves were used to analyze CMV infection and plasma amino acid levels to assess the value of IHS in infants and young children. Results showed that the levels of plasma Met, Cit and Tyr in CMV infection group were higher than those in non-CMV infection group(P< 0.05). The levels of plasma amino acids Met, Cit and Tyr were positively correlated with CMV infection(P< 0.05). The plasma levels of Met, Cit and Tyr in IHS group were higher than those in non-IHS group(P<0.05). The proportion of CMV infected children in IHS group was higher than that in non-IHS group(P<0.05). Infantile IHS was positively correlated with CMV infection, plasma amino acid levels of Met, Cit and Tyr(P<0.05). CMV infection, plasma Met level, plasma Cit level and plasma Tyr level were correlation factors of IHS in infants and young children(P<0.05). The area under the curve(AUC) of CMV infection, plasma Met, Cit, Tyr, and the combined assessment of the four indexes were 0.706, 0.716, 0.746, 0.709, 0.926, respectively, and the Yoden indexes were 0.412, 0.481, 0.536, 0.485, 0.752, respectively. The above results show that CMV infection can affect the plasma amino acid levels of infants and young children, and the occurrence of IHS is related to CMV infection, plasma amino acid Met, Cit and Tyr levels. CMV infection combined with plasma amino acid Met, Cit and Tyr levels may be used as a reference index to evaluate IHS.
Association of Epstein-Barr Virus Infection with Serum Zonulin,Interleukin-22 Levels,and Disease Severity in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis
DING Xiaoying;DONG Zhichao;MAO Jianna;This study aimed to explore the association between Epstein–Barr virus(EBV) infection and serum levels of zonulin and interleukin-22(IL-22) in patients with ulcerative colitis(UC), and to evaluate their relevance to disease severity. A total of 195 UC patients admitted between January 2020 and December 2024were enrolled. Based on EBV-DNA testing, patients were divided into an EBV-positive group(n = 121) and an EBV-negative group(n = 74). Disease severity was assessed using the modified Mayo score, with 123patients classified as having mild-to-moderate UC and 72 as severe. Serum levels of zonulin and IL-22 were measured. Spearman correlation analysis was used to assess the relationships between EBV infection, serum zonulin, IL-22 levels, and UC disease severity. Logistic regression was performed to identify independent risk factors for severe disease. Receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curves were used to evaluate the diagnostic value of EBV infection, zonulin, and IL-22 levels for predicting disease severity. The results showed that serum zonulin and IL-22 levels were significantly higher in the EBV-positive group compared to the EBV-negative group(P < 0.05). EBV infection was positively correlated with both serum zonulin and IL-22 levels(P <0.05). Patients with severe UC exhibited higher serum levels of zonulin, IL-22, and a higher rate of EBV infection than those with mild-to-moderate disease(P < 0.05). Disease severity in UC was positively correlated with EBV infection, zonulin, and IL-22 levels(P < 0.05). Logistic regression identified EBV infection, zonulin, and IL-22 levels as independent predictors of disease severity in UC. The area under the ROC curve(AUC) for EBV infection, zonulin, IL-22, and their combination in predicting severe disease were 0.724, 0.781, 0.826, and 0.914, respectively; corresponding Youden indices were 0.448, 0.475, 0.576, and 0.722.These findings suggest that EBV infection is significantly associated with increased serum zonulin and IL-22levels in UC patients, and all three markers are closely related to disease severity. EBV infection, zonulin, and IL-22 may serve as potential biomarkers for assessing disease severity in UC.
Molecular Epidemiology of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Among Children in Jinan,China,2019-2024
SUN Jiawen;QI Na;ZHAO Baotian;DING Xiaoman;LIU Hui;LYU Yan;This study investigated the epidemiological trends and molecular characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus(RSV) infections among children in Jinan, China, from March 2019 to February 2024, with a focus on sequence variation in the RSV G gene. Nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected weekly from children aged 0 to 14 years presenting with influenza-like illness at a pediatric hospital. Multiplex quantitative real-time PCR(qPCR) was used to screen for s multiple respiratory pathogens, including RSV. RSV-positive samples that met sequencing criteria underwent G gene fragment sequencing. Descriptive epidemiological methods were applied for statistical analysis. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using Mega 11.0, sequence alignment and homology analyses were performed using DNAstar, and potential N-and O-glycosylation sites were predicted with NetNGlyc 1.0 and NetOGlyc 4.0, respectively. RSV was detected in 7.08%(85/1200) of the samples. The highest detection rate occurredin toddlers aged 1 to <3 years(8.71%, 37/425), although age-specific differences were not statistically significant. Seasonally, the highest positivity rate was observed in winter(10.67%, 32/300), and RSV detection rates varied significantly across surveillance years and seasons. A total of 69 RSV G gene sequences were obtained, including 30 subtype A strains and 39 subtype B strains. All subtype A strains belonged to the ON1 genotype, with frequent H258Q and H266L mutations observed in 83.33%(25/30) of strains. All subtype B strains were classified as the BA9 genotype, with consistent P262T, T288I, F297S, and T310I mutations(100%,39/39). These findings indicate that RSV circulation in Jinan exhibited clear seasonal patterns during the study period, with ON1 and BA9 as the predominant genotypes of subtypes A and B, respectively. Multiple high-frequency amino acid substitutions were identified compared to reference strains, highlighting the need for sustained molecular surveillance to monitor RSV genetic evolution and inform prevention strategies.
Analysis of Genetic Variation Characteristics of Norovirus Strains in Gastroenteritis Outbreaks in Liwan District,Guangzhou,2023
XIAO Ying;LI Lili;TAN Zhixi;LIU Yuan;LI Jinsong;DUAN Zhaojun;To investigate the molecular characteristics and genetic variability of norovirus strains involved in gastroenteritis outbreaks in Liwan District, Guangzhou, in 2023, rectal swabs were collected from affected individuals. Norovirus detection and genotyping were performed using quantitative real-time PCR(qPCR) and reverse transcription PCR(RT-PCR), respectively, and whole-genome sequencing was conducted for selected samples. Comprehensive molecular analyses—including phylogenetic analysis, amino acid sequence alignment, and prediction of protein physicochemical properties—were used to characterize the viral strains and assess genotype-specific variation. A total of 14 norovirus outbreaks were reported, from which 285 clinical specimens were collected; 76 tested positive for norovirus. Among these, 9 outbreaks were caused by genogroup GII, 2 by GI, and 3 involved mixed GI/GII infections. Genotyping was successful in 8 outbreaks, with GII. 17[P17] identified as the most prevalent genotype. Whole-genome sequences were obtained for representative strains LW01(GI.4[P4]), LW06(GII.3[P12]), and LW07(GII.17[P17]). Among the three genotype datasets constructed, GII.17[P17] exhibited the highest number of mutation-prone sites. No evidence of recombination was observed in any of the three strains. However, novel mutation sites were detected across all strains, many of which were associated with alterations in amino acid hydrophobicity. In this study, GII. 17[P17] was identified as the dominant circulating genotype, displaying a high degree of genetic diversity. All three genotypes showed amino acid substitutions, underscoring the importance of ongoing molecular surveillance to monitor evolutionary trends and inform evidence-based norovirus outbreak prevention and control strategies.
Isolation of Subgroup J Avian Leukosis Viruses and Their Partial Sequence Comparison
DU Yan 1, CUI Zhi zhong 1,2 , QIN Ai jian 1, Silva R. F. 3, Lee L. F. 3 (1.Department of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; 2. College of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; 3.Subgroup J avian leukosis viruses (ALV J) were isolated from two broiler breeder farms with suspected diseased chickens and two commercial broiler flocks without clinical symptoms by inoculating the samples into chicken embryo fibroblast cells and PCR amplification of the infected CEF genomic DNA. In the indirect fluorescence assay (IFA) with ALV J specific monoclonal antibody JE9, 2 strains, SD9901 and SD9902 from breeder with suspected lesions, were strongly positive, another 2 strains, YZ9901 and YZ9902 from commercial broilers without clinical symptoms gave weak reactions. The genomes of strains YZ9901 and SD9902 were partially sequenced and the results indicated that their gp85 had 89%-93% identity in the amino acid level with ALV J prototype HPRS 103 and American strain ADOL HCl. The amino acid identity among themselves was 92%. The 3' noncoding LTR region had 95%-97% identity in the nucleotide level with ALV J prototype strain HPRS 103. But the Chinese strains had a 139 base deletion mutation in their E elements nearby the 3' LTR region and got an insertion of 11 base fragment instead.
CONSTRUCTION AND APPLICATION OF A HIGH LEVEL EXPRESSION VECTOR CONTAINING P_RPLPROMOTER
Zhang Zhiqing Yao Lihong Hou Yunde(National Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing )A high level expression vector has been constructed,which contains PR PL promoter, cIts857 gene, multiple cloning sites ( MCS ) and two strong transcription terminators. Foreign gene with ATG signal can be inserted into the MCS, expressing non-fusion protein. Using this vector, we have expressed successfully the human interferon r,human interleukin-2 and human tumor necrosis factor. The foreign gene product accounts for more than 20% of the total cell protein.
NORWALK-LIKE VIRUS INFECTION FOUND IN DIARRHEA PATIENTS IN CHINA
Fang Zhaoyin Wen Leying Jin ShengJin Zhao Zhanghua C. Moe H. Yoshikura R.Glass(Institute of Virology,CAPM ,Beijing 100052) 1.Henan Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine; 2.Centers for Disease control and prevention,USA; 3.University of Tokyo,JapanNorwalk virus or Norwalk virus -like agents are important pathogens that causeoutberaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis. Two Norwalk-like virus isolates were identifiedin fecal specimens from acute diarrhea patients in Henan province during Oct.1990-Jan1991 rotavirus season by electron microscopy that shows 28nm diameter with structured capsid.RT-PCR using Norwalk -specific primer pair 51-3,and nucleotidesequencing of PCR products showed 72%homology of these two isolates to that of Norwalkvirus prototype 8FⅡa. Our finding suggests that more attention should be pai to outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis caused by Norwalk-like virus in China.
Identification of a New Subgroup of Avian Leukosis Virus Isolated from Chinese Indigenous Chicken Breeds
WANG Xin,ZHAO Peng,CUI Zhi-zhong(College of Veterinary Medicine,Shandong Agricultural University,Tai an 271018,China)In order to clarify Avian leukosis virus(ALV) characteristics from Chinese native chicken breeds,three ALV JS11C1,JS11C2 and JS11C3 were isolated from Chinese native breed "luhua" by inoculation of DF1 cell culture and detection of p27 antigen.Using PCR amplification of env gene,the amplified gp85 genes were analyzed and compared to all six chicken ALV subgroups reported.The gp85 genes of these three viruses were 1 005bp in length and encoded 335 amino acids,and the gp37 genes were 609bp and encoded 203 amino acids.The homology of gp85 among these three isolated strains was 91.9%-97.0%.Comparing to 18 stains of subgroup A,B,C,D,E published in GenBank,the homology was only in the range of 77.7%-84.6%,significantly lower than the gp85 homology observed within the common chicken subgroups A(88.2%-98.5%),B(91.6%-98.8%),and E(97.9%-99.4%).The gp85 homology compared with subgroup J was only 34.2%-36.5%.These results suggested that three isolated strains from Chinese native breed "luhua" belong to a new subgroup different from all six known subgroups from Chickens,and thus designated as subgroup K.
Identification of Enterovirus Type 71 by RT-PCR and the Gene Characterization
CUI Ai-li~ 1, XU Wen-bo~ 1, LI Xiu-zhu~ 2, HU Jia-yu~ 2, LING Hua~ 3, TANG Wei~ 2, YANG Zhi-hong~ 4, ZHANG Yan~ 1, CHEN Li~ 1, Hiroyuki Shimizu~ 5(1. National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 100052, China;2. Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China;3. Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400042, China;4. Childrens Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;5. National Institute of Hygiene, Japan)10 virus strains were isolated from clinical specimens of children with hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD), 9 isolates from Shanghai and 1 isolate from Chongqing. All of the 10 isolates were tested by RT-PCR assay with two specific primer pairs for VP1 genes of enterovirus type 71 (EV71) and Coxsackie virus A16 (Cox. A16) respectively. The enterovirus serotype 71 and Cox. A16 were primarily identified depending on the size of PCR products and the primers used. The RT-PCR results indicated that 2 EV71 isolates were from Shanghai, 1 was from Chongqing and 7 Cox. A16 isolates were from Shanghai. All of the 10 PCR products were sequenced, the sequence analysis confirmed that PCR identified results was 100% correlative to virus sequencing, so RT-PCR assay is highly specific and probably may be the first choice for identification of EV71 and Cox. A16. 891 nucleotides of VP1 coding genes of 3 EV71 isolated strains were sequenced and compared with that of previously isolated 7 EV71 Chinese isolates available from GenBank (SHZH03?SHZH98?SH-F1?SH-F2?SH-H25?SH-H26 and CHN-87) by homogeneity and phylogenetic tree analyses. The homogeneity of these 10 Chinese strains with the representative isolates of C genotype of EV71 was between 89.3%-94.6%; with the representative isolates of A and B genotypes was between 81.3%-84.0%. The data suggested that all of the 10 Chinese isolates belong to EV71 genotype C except CHN-87, which was untyped. The homogeneity of the 3 EV71 isolated strains and 6 previously isolated strains (SHZH03?SHZH98?SH-F1?SH-F2?SH-H25?SH-H26) were between 94.5%-100%, that formed a single branch in the phylogenetic tree. There were only 89.3%-92.9% homology among these 9 strains and the representative strains of C1?C2?C3 sub-genotypes of EV71, this suggested that these 9 Chinese isolates and the TAI-98 composed a new sub-genotype, the C4 sub-genotype, of the C genotype. EV71 of sub-genotype C4 distributed in Shenzhen, Chongqiang and Shanghai from 1988-2003. It is much helpful to develop EV71 diagnosis, virus surveillance, virus standard nomenclature and set up EV71 virus bank and virus gene bank to accelerate the control and prevention of EV71 outbreak in China and in the world.
Research Progress on the Infection Mechanism of Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2
LU Rongguang;WU Jing;BAI Xue;LIU Weiquan;An emerging infectious disease COVID-19 which caused by a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2,has spread to many countries and regions around the world. For now,COVID-19 triggered a global public concern about healthy safety. Although just about 2% SARS-CoV-2 infected patients have contacted with wild animals,most scientists still believe that SARS-CoV-2 origin from wild animals. In fact,virus interspecies transmission is very difficult and lead to the new host dead in most cases. However,different from the other viruses,SARSCoV-2 have adapt to human body very well since SARS-CoV-2 emerged. Thus,we reviewed several research advances about etiology,function receptor and evolution of SARS-CoV-2,try to provide a new perspective to understand the emergence of SARS-CoV-2.
Prediction of the Epidemic Trend of COVID-19
YAN Mingjiang;DONG Yihong;JIA Xiangen;ZHENG Haiyang;XIN Yu;Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) spread initially from Wuhan(Hubei Province,China) in December 2019 through China,but is now a pandemic. Unprecedented steps have been taken throughout China to vigorously carry out disease treatment and epidemic prevention. Official statistics published by the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China were collected to predict the trend of the epidemic. In the traditional Susceptible,Exposed,Infectious,Recovered(SEIR) model,only infectious patients and noninfectious latent patients are considered. However,COVID-19-diagnosed patients cannot infect the susceptible population because they have been isolated in hospitals,whereas latent patients may be infectious. Based on this information,we propose an improved model of infectious-disease transmission:"ISEIR". In ISEIR,patients are divided into outpatients(with infectivity)and inpatients(infectivity is not considered). Preclinical patients who are infectious are also considered. ISEIR fits model parameters dynamically with historical data to exclude the limitations of fixed parameters. The data of patients diagnosed early with COVID-19 in Hubei Province,China was seriously distorted. Therefore,according to the probability distribution of the daily basic reproduction number(R0,the clinical-diagnosis data of February 12–14 were preprocessed and spread into previous data to correct distortion of previous data. The epidemic situation was divided into two regions:the whole country(excluding Hubei Province,China)and Hubei Province,China. The new ISEIR predicts further development of the future epidemic,and calculates the change in daily R0 Results revealed that the R0of Hubei Province,China has reduced gradually from 3.108. All patients will be cured and discharged from hospital around April 19.The initial R0of China(excluding Hubei Province)was 1.929,and all patients will be cured around March 26.Results showed that the epidemic has been suppressed effectively under strict prevention-and-control measures.It is also necessary to prevent rebound of the epidemic situation caused by the resumption of employment.
Research Progress in Novel Coronavirus(2019-nCoV)-Related Drugs In Vitro and In Vivo
SONG Gao;CHENG Mengqun;WEI Xianwen;In December 2019 in Wuhan City(Hubei Province,China),multiple cases of patients with pneumonia infected by a new type of coronavirus were noted. With the spread of the epidemic,other cases in China and overseas have also been found. On 12 January 2020,the World Health Organization tentatively named it"2019 Novel Coronavirus"(2019-nCoV). This is a new type of virus,which is highly infectious and can cause severe respiratory diseases. A clinically efficacious treatment is lacking. We reviewed the guidelines for recommended therapeutic drugs and drug-development advances with the aim of providing a reference for clinical treatment of 2019-nCoV infection.
Research Progress on SARS-CoV-2
XIE Qian;WU Zhengyu;SHU Yuelong;Since December 2019,the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)in Wuhan,China,has spread rapidly to other provinces and cities in China,and worldwide. Severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS)-CoV-2 belongs to the β-coronavirus family,which is closely related to SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome(MERS)-CoV,but quite different,especially in the spike protein. SARS-CoV-2 may be derived from bats according to sequence comparison. SARS-CoV-2 uses the same receptor,angiotensin converting enzyme Ⅱ(ACE2),as SARS-CoV. The main transmission routes include droplets and close contacts. The lack of effective drugs and vaccine is a challenge for outbreak control.
Research Progress of the Molecule Mechanisms of Ebola Virus Infection of Cells
SHI Ming,SHEN Yu-qing(Medical School of Southeast University,Nanjing 210009,China)Ebola virus can cause severe Ebola hemorrhagic fever.The mortality rate is 90 percent.Up till now,there is no effective vaccine or treatment of Ebola virus infection.Relaed researches on Ebola virus have become a hot topic in virology.The understanding of molecular mechanisms of Ebola virus infection of cells are important for the development of vaccine and anti-virus drugs.Therefore,this review summarized the recent research progress on the mechanisms of Ebola virus infection.