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Current Status, Key Challenges, and Innovative Directions in the Prevention and Control of Enterovirus Diseases
XIAO Jinbo;ZHANG Yong;Enterovirus diseases are a group of illnesses caused by infection with enteroviruses(EVs). Ranging from the classical poliomyelitis to the more prevalent hand, foot, and mouth disease(HFMD), these infections have long posed major global public health challenges. The oral poliovirus vaccine(OPV) and inactivated poliovirus vaccine(IPV) have played pivotal roles in supporting the Global Polio Eradication Initiative(GPEI), while the establishment of enterovirus surveillance systems has markedly enhanced outbreak detection and response capacity. Nevertheless, the disease burden of enterovirus infections remains substantial. Their multiple transmission routes and the high mutability of viral genomes continue to hinder effective prevention and control. This review outlines the key characteristics and current status of enterovirus disease prevention and control, emphasizes the need for strengthened measures, and proposes innovative strategies to guide future disease control and public-health risk management.
Pathogen Surveillance and Epidemiological Analysis of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease in Children in Beijing, 2019–2024
ZHANG Hanwen;FU Yiliang;LI Fei;HUANG Juan;HUANG Luci;ZHANG Weihua;WANG Chen;LI Yuchuan;XIE Zhengde;CHEN Xiangpeng;This study aimed to investigate the etiological and epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease(HFMD) in children in Beijing from 2019 to 2024. Throat swab samples were collected from pediatric HFMD cases between January 2019 and December 2024. Real-time PCR assays were used to detectCoxsackievirus A16(CVA16), Coxsackievirus A6(CVA6), Enterovirus A71(EV-A71), and general enteroviruses(EVs). VP1 gene fragments of EV-positive samples were amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced for molecular typing. A total of 1,935 HFMD cases were included, of which 6 were severe. The male-to-female ratio was 1.73:1. Children under 3 years of age accounted for 28.32%, those aged 3-6 years for 37.52%, and those older than 6 years for 34.16%. The overall EV detection rate was 87.18%(1,687/1,935). The pathogen spectrum was dominated by CVA6(66.69%) and CVA16(23.83%), while other serotypes(CVA10, CVA4, CVA5, etc.) each accounted for < 1.5%, and 6.64% remained untyped. Annual trends indicated that CVA6 consistently predominated, with detection rates of 38.05%, 79.56%, 62.38%, 67.42%, 87.03%, and 17.48% from 2019 to 2024, respectively. CVA16 was the second most prevalent serotype, with detection rates of 37.02%, 2.19%, 15.36%, 19.10%, 1.18%, and 37.86%. EV-A71 was sporadically detected, with only 3 cases identified in 2019 and 2023. These findings reveal that from 2019 to 2024, HFMD cases in Beijing were predominantly observed in children aged 3-6 years, with a significantly higher incidence in males. CVA6 remained the dominant circulating serotype, alternating with CVA16, while EV-A71 was rarely detected. The continuous dynamic changes in the HFMD-associated enterovirus spectrum highlight the need for strengthened pathogen surveillance, particularly with regard to pediatric infections and serotype shifts, to provide essential data for HFMD diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
Study on the Enhanced Pathogenicity of Enterovirus D68 VP1-N90K Mutation in a Neonatal Mouse Model
DUAN Wei;LI Jichen;LI Huijie;WANG Rui;LIANG Yucai;SUN Qiang;ZHANG Yong;National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID);Enterovirus D68(EV-D68) is associated with severe respiratory illness and acute flaccid myelitis(AFM) in children, yet the molecular mechanism driving paralysis remains poorly defined. In this study, an EV-D68 D2-subclade clinical isolate obtained from a pediatric patient in 2018 was used as the parental strain to generate a mouse-adapted virus through serial passage in ICR neonatal mice, yielding viral populations from passages P0 to P9. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that VP1-N90K was the only amino acid substitution within the receptor-binding region and the sole difference between P2 and P4 viral populations. In vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrated that the VP1-N90K mutation significantly increased viral pathogenicity in neonatal mice and induced stronger cytopathic effects in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma and RD rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Molecular simulation analysis further showed that VP1-N90K markedly enhanced the binding affinity of VP1 to its host receptors, including sialic acid and MFSD6. Collectively, these findings identify VP1-N90K as a critical determinant of EV-D68 neurovirulence. By strengthening VP1– receptor interactions, this mutation promotes viral attachment, internalization, and replication within neuronal cells, ultimately contributing to AFM-like paralysis. This work provides mechanistic insight into EV-D68-induced neuropathogenesis and informs the development of targeted antiviral interventions, including agents directed against the VP1 receptor-binding interface.
Isolation, Characterization, Molecular Epidemiology, and Antigenicity of Enterovirus A71 Subgenotype B5 in Guangdong Province, China
YAN Yuxi;XIE Chunyan;CAO Jiatian;ZENG Huiling;YANG Haiyi;QU Lin;LI Shuling;DENG Wenwen;XIANG Silin;HE Yuwei;LI Baisheng;TANG Hailing;CHEN Meifang;LU Jing;ZENG Hanri;Guangdong Province is one of the regions in China with a high incidence of hand, foot and mouth disease(HFMD). Enterovirus A71(EV-A71) is the primary pathogen responsible for severe HFMD. Since HFMD was classified as a Category C notifiable infectious disease in China in 2008, the C4a subgenotype has been the predominant circulating strain of EV-A71 and serves as the vaccine strain for currently licensed inactivated vaccines. Here, we report for the first time a sporadic case of EV-A71 subgenotype B5 infection in Guangdong Province in February 2024.The isolated strain(R305) was characterized by viral isolation, wholegenome sequencing, and molecular epidemiological and antigenic analyses. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that R305 showed relatively low nucleotide similarity with other B5 strains detected in China in recent years(92.81%–96.40% similarity in the VP1 region), but exhibited high similarity with Vietnamese isolates(99.10% in the VP1 region), suggesting possible importation. To assess whether the C4a-based inactivated vaccine provides cross-protectio against the B5 subgenotype, cross-neutralization assays were performed with 20 representative post-vaccination serum samples. The results demonstrated that sera from vaccine recipients exhibited crossneutralizing activity against the B5 subgenotype(geometric mean titer [GMT] = 97.01), which was slightly lower than that against the homologous C4a subgenotype(GMT = 119.4), though the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05). Currently, EV-A71 circulation in China remains at a relatively low level. However, EV-A71 B5, which is the predominant subgenotype in the Asia-Pacific region, has been increasingly detected across multiple provinces in China and may influence future epidemiological trends. Continuous surveillance g of sequence variation, pathogenicity, and antigenicity of the B5 subgenotype is warranted to mitigate the potential risk of outbreaks caused by emerging EV-A71 genotypes.
Construction of a Recombinant Coxsackievirus A16 Reporter Expressing NanoLuc Luciferase and Establishment of a Rapid Neutralization Assay
JIN Weiping;WANG Wenhui;GUO Jing;Mao Haiyan;SHEN Shuo;ZHANG Yanjun;Hand, foot and mouth disease(HFMD) is a notifiable Class C infectious disease characterized by vesicular eruptions on the hands, feet and oral mucosa. It primarily affects children under five years of age, though adults may also be susceptible. Coxsackievirus A16(CVA16) is one of the principal etiological agents of HFMD. In this study, we constructed a recombinant CVA16 reporter virus(CVA16-Nluc) expressing NanoLuc luciferase(Nluc) using reverse genetics. The Nluc gene was inserted between the VP1 and 2A coding sequences of viral genome. At the protein level, the 2A protease c precisely cleaved at the engineered 2A protease recognition sites flanking the Nluc gene, thereby preserving viral protein expression and particle assembly. The CVA16-Nluc reporter virus was stably passaged for up to 12 generations with efficient and consistent expression of Nluc. Moreover, insertion of the Nluc gene did not compromise viral infectivity, genetic stability, structural protein expression, or virion assembly. Based on CVA16-Nluc, we established a rapid microneutralization assay, which can markedly shorten the experimental timeline and improved assay accuracy. This platform is suitable for screening neutralizing monoclonal antibodies derived from human, murine and rabbit sources. The successful construction of the CVA16-Nluc reporter virus also provides a valuable tool for investigating CVA16 replication, pathogenic mechanisms, and evaluating antiviral candidates.
Whole-genome Sequence Analysis of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Carried by Culex tritaeniorhynchus in Yunnan Province
ZHANG Juan;WANG Tingting;CAO Yunxian;SUN Qiangming;XIANG Yibin;Objective This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and genomic characteristics of Japanese encephalitis virus(JEV) carried by mosquitoes in Huaning County, Yuxi City, Yunnan Province, and to provide molecular epidemiological evidence for JEV prevention and control. Methods Mosquito specimens were collected in July 2023 and identified based on morphological characteristics. Every 30 mosquitoes were pooled into one sample, and JEV nucleic acids were detected by quantitative fluorescence PCR. Two JEV-positive samples with Ct values ≤30 were selected for whole-genome sequencing using next-generation sequencing(tNGS). Bioinformatics analyses were performed with BioEdit, MegAlign, MEGA, SOPMA, and SWISS-MODEL to conduct phylogenetic analysis, sequence homology comparison, amino acid variation analysis, and prediction of protein secondary and tertiary structures. Results A total of 4,230 mosquitoes belonging to three genera and four species were collected, among which Culex tritaeniorhynchus was the predominant species, accounting for 84.40%(3,570/4,230). Quantitative PCR testing of 141 pooled samples identified seven JEV-positive groups, yielding a positive rate of 4.96%. Two positive specimens were successfully subjected to whole-genome sequencing, resulting in two complete genomic sequences of 10,965 nucleotides, each encoding 3,432 amino acids. Phylogenetic analyses based on both the complete genome and E gene sequences revealed that Huaning strains clustered with genotype I(GⅠ) JEV strains, sharing 91.33%–95.80% nucleotide and 96.75% – 99.20% amino acid identities. Compared with GⅡ – GⅤ reference strains, nucleotide identities ranged from 77.07% to 87.80% and amino acid identities from 89.69% to 98.18%. Amino acid sequence comparison showed 21 residue differences in the E gene between the Huaning strains and the liveattenuated vaccine strain SA14-14-2, including eight substitutions associated with neurovirulence and 13 located outside the key antigenic epitopes. Secondary and tertiary structure predictions indicated that the E protein of the Huaning strains was predominantly characterized by random coils. Conclusion The JEV strains carried by Culex tritaeniorhynchus in Huaning County in 2023 belonged to genotype I, showing no significant alterations in key amino acid residues related to antigenic epitopes compared with the SA14-14-2 vaccine strain. These findings provide valuable molecular evidence for evolutionary monitoring and for the optimization of JEV prevention and control strategies in Yunnan Province.
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Construction of a Recombinant Goatpox Virus Expressing the Hemagglutinin Glycoprotein of a Field Strain of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus and Analysis of Its Replication Characteristics
CHEN Yun;REN Shanhui;DU Xinchao;ZHU Kaiyu;Wang Huibao;TONG Lina;GAO Xiaolong;Objective Peste des petits ruminants(PPR) and goatpox(GTP) are two highly contagious viral diseases that severely affect small ruminants, posing serious challenges to the sustainable development of the sheep and goat industry in China. Methods To develop a recombinant goatpox virus-vectored bivalent vaccine expressing the hemagglutinin(HN) glycoprotein of PPR virus(PPRV), the previously constructed pUC19T-ΔTK-RFP vector was used as the backbone. The HN gene of PPRV was inserted into pUC19T-ΔTK-RFP via homologous recombination to generate the transfer plasmid pUC19T-ΔTK-PPRV-HN, which was transfected into Vero cells for recombination with a red fluorescent goatpox virus(GTPV-ΔTK-RFP) to rescue the recombinant virus. The rescued recombinant virus(GTPV-ΔTK-PPRV-HN) was purified by limiting dilution, and its expression of PPRV HN was verified by Western blotting, indirect immunofluorescence assay, and sequencing. Results The recombinant GTPV-ΔTK-PPRV-HN was successfully constructed and shown to stably express the PPRV HN protein, exhibiting favorable replication characteristics comparable to the parental strain. Conclusion These findings provide both theoretical and experimental support for the development of a bivalent vaccine against PPRV and GTPV, contributing to improved disease prevention and control in small ruminants and promoting the sustainable development of animal husbandry in support of rural revitalization.
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Construction of an Infectious Clone of the G6P[1] Bovine Rotavirus BLL Strain
WEI Xiao;YU Junjie;LI ke;DUAN Zhaojun;Rotavirus(RV) is a leading cause of severe diarrhea in infants and young children worldwide, and the protective efficacy of current vaccines remains suboptimal in low-income countries. Developing next-generation, highly effective rotavirus vaccines is therefore of great importance for the prevention and control of RV in susceptible populations in these regions. In this study, taking advantage of the efficient in vitro replication of the G6P[1] bovine rotavirus BLL strain and its whole-genome sequencing data, we constructed an infectious clone consisting of 11 plasmids representing all genome segments of the BLL strain using homologous recombination and related molecular techniques. The virus was rescued via a reverse genetics system and identified by dsRNAPAGE with silver staining and RT-PCR. Viral titers and growth kinetics of the rescued virus were further evaluated by indirect immunofluorescence assay and qRT-PCR. The results demonstrated that the infectious clone of the G6P[1] BLL strain was successfully rescued, with higher viral titers and replication capacity compared with the ovine rotavirus LLR vaccine strain. This work provides a valuable technical platform and experimental foundation for vaccine development and mechanistic studies based on the bovine rotavirus BLL strain.
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Application of Reverse Vaccinology in Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine Development
ZHOU Zhenwei;REN Sirui;Respiratory syncytial virus(RSV) is a major pathogen responsible for severe lower respiratory tract disease(RSV-LRTD) in immunocompromised individuals. However, RSV vaccine development has long been constrained by antigenic variability, short-lived immunity, and the lack of suitable animal models. Reverse vaccinology(RV), by integrating genomics, structural biology, and computational immunology, enables the rational selection and optimization of vaccine antigens, thereby greatly accelerating the translation of RSV vaccines from basic research to clinical application. This review summarizes the application of RV in RSV vaccine research: early identification of the key antigens F and G proteins; subsequent structural characterization and conformational optimization; and more recent computational prediction and multi-epitope combinatorial design, which have yielded broadly protective vaccine candidates. Looking ahead, AI-assisted antigen design, the development of universal multivalent vaccines, and the optimization of immunization strategies tailored to different high-risk populations are expected to become important directions in RSV vaccine development.
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Construction and Immunogenicity Evaluation of Recombinant Virus Expressing Porcine Rotavirus VP4 and VP7 Genes Based on the Simian Rotavirus SA11Strain Backbone
CHENG Xi;TAO Ran;DENG Hui;BIAN Xianyu;HAN Nan;WANG Chen;ZHU Xuejiao;ZHOU Jinzhu;ZHANG Xuehan;YANG Xiaojing;LI Bin;In this study, the simian rotavirus rSA11 strain was used as a backbone to construct three recombinant viruses expressing porcine-derived VP4, VP7 or VP4/VP6/VP7 genes from the porcine rotavirus NJ2012 strain(G9P[7]) using a fully plasmid-based reverse genetics system. The recombinant viruses, designated rSA11-NJ2012-VP4, rSA11-NJ2012-VP7, and rSA11-NJ2012-VP4/6/7, were generated by replacing the corresponding SA11 genes with those of the NJ2012 strain. The successful rescue of all three recombinant viruses was confirmed by observation of characteristic cytopathic effects(CPE), gene sequencing, dsRNA-PAGE and indirect immunofluorescence assays(IFA). In vitro characterization by western blotting, IFA, dsRNA-PAGE, one-step growth curve analysis, plaque assays, and transmission electron microscopy(TEM) revealed certain biological differences between the recombinant viruses and the parental SA11 strain.To assess immunogenicity, mice were immunized with the recombinant viruses. ELISA results demonstrated that all three recombinant strains elicited sustained and robust virus-specific IgG responses, while neutralization assays showed that the induced antibodies exhibited strong neutralizing activity against the homologous(G9P[7]) strain. In conclusion, this study successfully rescued recombinant simian rotaviruses expressing porcine VP4 and/or VP7 genes using a plasmid-only reverse genetics platform based on the rSA11 backbone and evaluated their immunogenicity in a murine model. These findings provide an experimental basis for the rapid development of novel candidate vaccines against porcine rotavirus.
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Isolation of Subgroup J Avian Leukosis Viruses and Their Partial Sequence Comparison
DU Yan 1, CUI Zhi zhong 1,2 , QIN Ai jian 1, Silva R. F. 3, Lee L. F. 3 (1.Department of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; 2. College of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; 3.Subgroup J avian leukosis viruses (ALV J) were isolated from two broiler breeder farms with suspected diseased chickens and two commercial broiler flocks without clinical symptoms by inoculating the samples into chicken embryo fibroblast cells and PCR amplification of the infected CEF genomic DNA. In the indirect fluorescence assay (IFA) with ALV J specific monoclonal antibody JE9, 2 strains, SD9901 and SD9902 from breeder with suspected lesions, were strongly positive, another 2 strains, YZ9901 and YZ9902 from commercial broilers without clinical symptoms gave weak reactions. The genomes of strains YZ9901 and SD9902 were partially sequenced and the results indicated that their gp85 had 89%-93% identity in the amino acid level with ALV J prototype HPRS 103 and American strain ADOL HCl. The amino acid identity among themselves was 92%. The 3' noncoding LTR region had 95%-97% identity in the nucleotide level with ALV J prototype strain HPRS 103. But the Chinese strains had a 139 base deletion mutation in their E elements nearby the 3' LTR region and got an insertion of 11 base fragment instead.
CONSTRUCTION AND APPLICATION OF A HIGH LEVEL EXPRESSION VECTOR CONTAINING P_RPL PROMOTER
Zhang Zhiqing Yao Lihong Hou Yunde(National Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing )A high level expression vector has been constructed,which contains PR PL promoter, cIts857 gene, multiple cloning sites ( MCS ) and two strong transcription terminators. Foreign gene with ATG signal can be inserted into the MCS, expressing non-fusion protein. Using this vector, we have expressed successfully the human interferon r,human interleukin-2 and human tumor necrosis factor. The foreign gene product accounts for more than 20% of the total cell protein.
NORWALK-LIKE VIRUS INFECTION FOUND IN DIARRHEA PATIENTS IN CHINA
Fang Zhaoyin Wen Leying Jin ShengJin Zhao Zhanghua C. Moe H. Yoshikura R.Glass(Institute of Virology,CAPM ,Beijing 100052) 1.Henan Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine; 2.Centers for Disease control and prevention,USA; 3.University of Tokyo,JapanNorwalk virus or Norwalk virus -like agents are important pathogens that causeoutberaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis. Two Norwalk-like virus isolates were identifiedin fecal specimens from acute diarrhea patients in Henan province during Oct.1990-Jan1991 rotavirus season by electron microscopy that shows 28nm diameter with structured capsid.RT-PCR using Norwalk -specific primer pair 51-3,and nucleotidesequencing of PCR products showed 72%homology of these two isolates to that of Norwalkvirus prototype 8FⅡa. Our finding suggests that more attention should be pai to outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis caused by Norwalk-like virus in China.
Identification of a New Subgroup of Avian Leukosis Virus Isolated from Chinese Indigenous Chicken Breeds
WANG Xin,ZHAO Peng,CUI Zhi-zhong(College of Veterinary Medicine,Shandong Agricultural University,Tai an 271018,China)In order to clarify Avian leukosis virus(ALV) characteristics from Chinese native chicken breeds,three ALV JS11C1,JS11C2 and JS11C3 were isolated from Chinese native breed "luhua" by inoculation of DF1 cell culture and detection of p27 antigen.Using PCR amplification of env gene,the amplified gp85 genes were analyzed and compared to all six chicken ALV subgroups reported.The gp85 genes of these three viruses were 1 005bp in length and encoded 335 amino acids,and the gp37 genes were 609bp and encoded 203 amino acids.The homology of gp85 among these three isolated strains was 91.9%-97.0%.Comparing to 18 stains of subgroup A,B,C,D,E published in GenBank,the homology was only in the range of 77.7%-84.6%,significantly lower than the gp85 homology observed within the common chicken subgroups A(88.2%-98.5%),B(91.6%-98.8%),and E(97.9%-99.4%).The gp85 homology compared with subgroup J was only 34.2%-36.5%.These results suggested that three isolated strains from Chinese native breed "luhua" belong to a new subgroup different from all six known subgroups from Chickens,and thus designated as subgroup K.
Identification of Enterovirus Type 71 by RT-PCR and the Gene Characterization
CUI Ai-li~ 1, XU Wen-bo~ 1, LI Xiu-zhu~ 2, HU Jia-yu~ 2, LING Hua~ 3, TANG Wei~ 2, YANG Zhi-hong~ 4, ZHANG Yan~ 1, CHEN Li~ 1, Hiroyuki Shimizu~ 5(1. National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 100052, China;2. Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China;3. Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400042, China;4. Childrens Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;5. National Institute of Hygiene, Japan)10 virus strains were isolated from clinical specimens of children with hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD), 9 isolates from Shanghai and 1 isolate from Chongqing. All of the 10 isolates were tested by RT-PCR assay with two specific primer pairs for VP1 genes of enterovirus type 71 (EV71) and Coxsackie virus A16 (Cox. A16) respectively. The enterovirus serotype 71 and Cox. A16 were primarily identified depending on the size of PCR products and the primers used. The RT-PCR results indicated that 2 EV71 isolates were from Shanghai, 1 was from Chongqing and 7 Cox. A16 isolates were from Shanghai. All of the 10 PCR products were sequenced, the sequence analysis confirmed that PCR identified results was 100% correlative to virus sequencing, so RT-PCR assay is highly specific and probably may be the first choice for identification of EV71 and Cox. A16. 891 nucleotides of VP1 coding genes of 3 EV71 isolated strains were sequenced and compared with that of previously isolated 7 EV71 Chinese isolates available from GenBank (SHZH03?SHZH98?SH-F1?SH-F2?SH-H25?SH-H26 and CHN-87) by homogeneity and phylogenetic tree analyses. The homogeneity of these 10 Chinese strains with the representative isolates of C genotype of EV71 was between 89.3%-94.6%; with the representative isolates of A and B genotypes was between 81.3%-84.0%. The data suggested that all of the 10 Chinese isolates belong to EV71 genotype C except CHN-87, which was untyped. The homogeneity of the 3 EV71 isolated strains and 6 previously isolated strains (SHZH03?SHZH98?SH-F1?SH-F2?SH-H25?SH-H26) were between 94.5%-100%, that formed a single branch in the phylogenetic tree. There were only 89.3%-92.9% homology among these 9 strains and the representative strains of C1?C2?C3 sub-genotypes of EV71, this suggested that these 9 Chinese isolates and the TAI-98 composed a new sub-genotype, the C4 sub-genotype, of the C genotype. EV71 of sub-genotype C4 distributed in Shenzhen, Chongqiang and Shanghai from 1988-2003. It is much helpful to develop EV71 diagnosis, virus surveillance, virus standard nomenclature and set up EV71 virus bank and virus gene bank to accelerate the control and prevention of EV71 outbreak in China and in the world.
Research Progress on the Infection Mechanism of Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2
LU Rongguang;WU Jing;BAI Xue;LIU Weiquan;An emerging infectious disease COVID-19 which caused by a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2,has spread to many countries and regions around the world. For now,COVID-19 triggered a global public concern about healthy safety. Although just about 2% SARS-CoV-2 infected patients have contacted with wild animals,most scientists still believe that SARS-CoV-2 origin from wild animals. In fact,virus interspecies transmission is very difficult and lead to the new host dead in most cases. However,different from the other viruses,SARSCoV-2 have adapt to human body very well since SARS-CoV-2 emerged. Thus,we reviewed several research advances about etiology,function receptor and evolution of SARS-CoV-2,try to provide a new perspective to understand the emergence of SARS-CoV-2.
Prediction of the Epidemic Trend of COVID-19
YAN Mingjiang;DONG Yihong;JIA Xiangen;ZHENG Haiyang;XIN Yu;Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) spread initially from Wuhan(Hubei Province,China) in December 2019 through China,but is now a pandemic. Unprecedented steps have been taken throughout China to vigorously carry out disease treatment and epidemic prevention. Official statistics published by the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China were collected to predict the trend of the epidemic. In the traditional Susceptible,Exposed,Infectious,Recovered(SEIR) model,only infectious patients and noninfectious latent patients are considered. However,COVID-19-diagnosed patients cannot infect the susceptible population because they have been isolated in hospitals,whereas latent patients may be infectious. Based on this information,we propose an improved model of infectious-disease transmission:"ISEIR". In ISEIR,patients are divided into outpatients(with infectivity)and inpatients(infectivity is not considered). Preclinical patients who are infectious are also considered. ISEIR fits model parameters dynamically with historical data to exclude the limitations of fixed parameters. The data of patients diagnosed early with COVID-19 in Hubei Province,China was seriously distorted. Therefore,according to the probability distribution of the daily basic reproduction number(R0),the clinical-diagnosis data of February 12–14 were preprocessed and spread into previous data to correct distortion of previous data. The epidemic situation was divided into two regions:the whole country(excluding Hubei Province,China)and Hubei Province,China. The new ISEIR predicts further development of the future epidemic,and calculates the change in daily R0. Results revealed that the R0 of Hubei Province,China has reduced gradually from 3.108. All patients will be cured and discharged from hospital around April 19.The initial R0 of China(excluding Hubei Province)was 1.929,and all patients will be cured around March 26.Results showed that the epidemic has been suppressed effectively under strict prevention-and-control measures.It is also necessary to prevent rebound of the epidemic situation caused by the resumption of employment.
Research Progress in Novel Coronavirus(2019-nCoV)-Related Drugs In Vitro and In Vivo
SONG Gao;CHENG Mengqun;WEI Xianwen;In December 2019 in Wuhan City(Hubei Province,China),multiple cases of patients with pneumonia infected by a new type of coronavirus were noted. With the spread of the epidemic,other cases in China and overseas have also been found. On 12 January 2020,the World Health Organization tentatively named it"2019 Novel Coronavirus"(2019-nCoV). This is a new type of virus,which is highly infectious and can cause severe respiratory diseases. A clinically efficacious treatment is lacking. We reviewed the guidelines for recommended therapeutic drugs and drug-development advances with the aim of providing a reference for clinical treatment of 2019-nCoV infection.
Research Progress on SARS-CoV-2
XIE Qian;WU Zhengyu;SHU Yuelong;Since December 2019,the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)in Wuhan,China,has spread rapidly to other provinces and cities in China,and worldwide. Severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS)-CoV-2 belongs to the β-coronavirus family,which is closely related to SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome(MERS)-CoV,but quite different,especially in the spike protein. SARS-CoV-2 may be derived from bats according to sequence comparison. SARS-CoV-2 uses the same receptor,angiotensin converting enzyme Ⅱ(ACE2),as SARS-CoV. The main transmission routes include droplets and close contacts. The lack of effective drugs and vaccine is a challenge for outbreak control.
Research Progress of the Molecule Mechanisms of Ebola Virus Infection of Cells
SHI Ming,SHEN Yu-qing(Medical School of Southeast University,Nanjing 210009,China)Ebola virus can cause severe Ebola hemorrhagic fever.The mortality rate is 90 percent.Up till now,there is no effective vaccine or treatment of Ebola virus infection.Relaed researches on Ebola virus have become a hot topic in virology.The understanding of molecular mechanisms of Ebola virus infection of cells are important for the development of vaccine and anti-virus drugs.Therefore,this review summarized the recent research progress on the mechanisms of Ebola virus infection.
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