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Pathogen Spectrum and Epidemiological Characteristics of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease in Southern Guizhou Province, China from 2019 to 2024
SU Fei;GE Jun;ZHANG Fumin;WANG Yinyin;TANG Xiaomin;This study investigates the pathogen spectrum and epidemiological characteristics of enteroviruses(EVs) associated with hand, foot, and mouth disease(HFMD) in southern Guizhou Province, China from 2019 to 2024. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 13,791 clinically diagnosed HFMD cases from Qianxinan, Qiannan, and Qiandongnan prefectures. EV nucleic acids were detected using reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR), followed by serotyping of major pathogens and descriptive epidemiological analysis. Among the 13791 HFMD cases, 9055 tested positive for EVs, with a positivity rate of 65.7%. Coxsackievirus A6(CVA6)(21.1%) and untyped EVs(20.7%) were the predominant pathogens. Among severe and fatal cases, 84.8% were EV-positive, with CVA6 being the most common. Severe cases were primarily concentrated in Qianxinan Prefecture. Geographically, the detection rate of untyped EVs in Qiandongnan was significantly higher than in Qiannan and Qianxinan. Across the three regions, HFMD mainly affected males(male-to-female ratio: 1.7:1) and children aged 1–4 years. The peak positivity rate typically occurred between May and June; however, the epidemic trend varied in some years due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. From 2019 to 2024, the overall detection rate of EVs associated with HFMD remained high in southern Guizhou, China, with CVA6 and untyped EVs emerging as the predominant pathogens. Future research should focus on characterizing untyped EVs and assessing their potential public health risk to support targeted HFMD prevention and inform vaccine strategy optimization in this region.
Genetic Characteristics of Coxsackievirus A4 Associated with an Epidemic of Cluster Fever
WEI Xiuxia;XIAO Jinbo;LI Min;WANG Yi;YANG Yanna;LYU Ruoran;ZHANG Yong;Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area Center for Disease Prevention and Control;The etiological identification and genetic characteristics of two clustered fever epidemics in Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area were analyzed, aiming to provide a laboratory basis for the prevention and control of such epidemics. Throat swab specimens were collected from 6 cases in two clustered fever epidemics, and real-time quantitative RT-PCR was performed to detect multiple respiratory pathogens. Results showed that all 6 samples were positive for enterovirus nucleic acid. Further virus isolation, typing, and VP1 region evolutionary analysis confirmed that both outbreaks were caused by Coxsackievirus group A(CVA4) infection, and both belonged to the C genotype. These results suggest that monitoring, prevention and control of cluster fever outbreaks caused by enteroviruses, especially CVA4, should be strengthened.
Genetic Characterization of Human Metapneumovirus in Clustered Fever Outbreaks in Fengtai District, Beijing, China
QIN Meng;YAN Tao;WANG Chao;HOU Wanqi;LIU Chunyuan;ZHANG Daitao;ZHANG Yan;Fengtai District Center for Disease Control and Prevention;An outbreak investigation was conducted in Fengtai District, Beijing, in 2024 to identify the causative pathogen of clustered fever cases and to analyze the genetic characteristics of human metapneumovirus(HMPV). Epidemiological data and throat swab specimens were collected, and nucleic acids were extracted and screened for common respiratory pathogens using real-time fluorescent polymerase chain reaction(PCR). HMPV-positive specimens were further analyzed by nested reverse transcription-PCR(RT-PCR) to amplify the F and G protein genes, followed by sequence analysis using BioEdit and MEGA 7 software. Among 594 throat swab specimens from 144 outbreaks, 27 specimens from 8 outbreaks tested positive for HMPV, with a positivity rate of 4.55%(27/594). These outbreaks occurred predominantly in December. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all F and G protein gene sequences belonged to genotype B2. Compared with the B2 reference strain CAN98-75, 20 local strains had a D(aspartic acid) to N(asparagine) substitution at position 280 in the F protein, and 8 strains showed alterations or reductions in glycosylation sites of the G protein. The 2024 HMPV outbreaks in Fengtai District were exclusively caused by genotype B2 strains, highlighting the need for sustained long-term surveillance to support timely detection and control of HMPV outbreaks.
Changes in SUMO1 Modification and Interaction with Prion Proteins in Prion-Infected Cells and Mouse Models
LI Chunjie;ZHANG Weiwei;GAO Liping;WANG Yuan;LIANG Donglin;XIAO Kang;CHEN Cao;DONG Xiaoping;SHI Qi;SUMOylation, as a key protein post-translational modification, plays an important role in the pathological process of neurodegenerative diseases. Prion diseases are a class of fatal neurodegenerative diseases caused by pron misfolding, and their pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. In this study, the SMB-S15 cell model of prion infection and the mouse model of 139A/ME7 strain infection were used as the research objects, and the dynamic changes of SUMOylation modification in the process of prion disease and its interaction mechanism with prion proteins were systematically discussed. Western blot, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry analysis showed that the level of SUMO1 modified protein in the brain tissue and SMB-S15 cells of end-stage prion infection was significantly reduced, while the mRNA expression level of SUMO1 showed an increasing trend. Co-immunoprecipitation(Co-IP) assays confirmed that prion proteins had specific interactions with SUMO1, and the binding between the two was significantly enhanced after viral infection. At mean time, the level of SUMO1-modified protein in mouse brain tissue at different stages of infection showed a trend of decreasing first, then rising, and then decreasing at different time points after prion infection. The level of SUMO1-modified protein decreased progressively. This study revealed for the first time that prion infection can lead to imbalance of SUMO1-modifying proteins and disorders of SUMO1-modifying system, and the abnormal interaction between SUMO1 and prion proteins may play a key role in the pathogenesis of prion diseases, providing a new experimental basis and therapeutic target for in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanism of prion diseases.
Analysis of Genetic Variation Characteristics of Norovirus Strains in Gastroenteritis Outbreaks in Liwan District, Guangzhou, 2023
XIAO Ying;LI Lili;TAN Zhixi;LIU Yuan;LI Jinsong;DUAN Zhaojun;Guangzhou Liwan Center for Disease Control and Prevention;To investigate the molecular characteristics and genetic variability of norovirus strains involved in gastroenteritis outbreaks in Liwan District, Guangzhou, in 2023, rectal swabs were collected from affected individuals. Norovirus detection and genotyping were performed using quantitative real-time PCR(qPCR) and reverse transcription PCR(RT-PCR), respectively, and whole-genome sequencing was conducted for selected samples. Comprehensive molecular analyses—including phylogenetic analysis, amino acid sequence alignment, and prediction of protein physicochemical properties—were used to characterize the viral strains and assess genotype-specific variation. A total of 14 norovirus outbreaks were reported, from which 285 clinical specimens were collected; 76 tested positive for norovirus. Among these, 9 outbreaks were caused by genogroup GⅡ, 2 by GⅠ, and 3 involved mixed GⅠ/GⅡ infections. Genotyping was successful in 8 outbreaks, with GⅡ. 17[P17] identified as the most prevalent genotype. Whole-genome sequences were obtained for representative strains LW01(GⅠ.4[P4]), LW06(GⅡ.3[P12]), and LW07(GⅡ.17[P17]). Among the three genotype datasets constructed, GⅡ.17[P17] exhibited the highest number of mutation-prone sites. No evidence of recombination was observed in any of the three strains. However, novel mutation sites were detected across all strains, many of which were associated with alterations in amino acid hydrophobicity. In this study, GⅡ. 17[P17] was identified as the dominant circulating genotype, displaying a high degree of genetic diversity. All three genotypes showed amino acid substitutions, underscoring the importance of ongoing molecular surveillance to monitor evolutionary trends and inform evidence-based norovirus outbreak prevention and control strategies.
Assessment of Immune Efficacy and Durability of an Inactivated EV-A71Vaccine in Children
WANG Jianxing;ZHANG Xiaoli;LIU Xiaolin;DONG Zhen;SUN Wenkui;KOU Zengqiang;This study investigated the seropositivity rate, geometric mean titers(GMTs), and persistence of enterovirus A71(EV-A71) neutralizing antibodies among children in Linyi City, Shandong Province, following administration of the EV-A71 vaccine, with the aim of evaluating its real-world protective efficacy. Using stratified random sampling, 195 children under seven years of age who had received two doses of the vaccine were recruited as the vaccination group, while 195 unvaccinated children without a history of hand, foot, and mouth disease(HFMD) were enrolled as controls. Baseline demographic information and vaccination history were collected through parent questionnaires, and blood samples were obtained after informed consent.Neutralizing antibody titers were determined using the standard micro-neutralization assay, and antibody seropositivity rates and GMTs were calculated and statistically compared. The results showed that the vaccination group exhibited a significantly higher antibody seropositivity rate(95.90%) than the control group(62.56%) (χ2 = 65.83, P < 0.0001), with GMTs of 60.46(95% CI: 49.24– 74.24) and 9.49(95% CI: 8.40 – 10.71), respectively(t = 7.032, P < 0.001). Neither sex nor age at first vaccination significantly influenced antibody seropositivity or GMTs. Over time, antibody GMTs declined from 174.9(95% CI: 101.7– 300.5) within six months post-vaccination to 48.03(95%CI: 34.82-66.23) at 2.5 years, with a particularly pronounced decrease after 2.5 years. Despite this decline, the GMTs at 2.5 years remained significantly higher than those in the control group(P < 0.001), indicating sustained immune protection. These findings demonstrate that two doses of the inactivated EV-A71 vaccine elicit high seropositivity rates and robust antibody titers in children, providing effective protection for at least 2.5 years. Given the observed decline in antibody titers, a booster dose administered approximately two to three years after the primary series may be necessary to maintain long-term protective efficacy.
Mechanisms of Kaempferol in Inhibiting HTLV-1 Infection and Suppressing Adult T-cell leukemia Proliferation
MAO Yu;FANG Jinyong;MA Jing;CHEN Miaoqing;ZHAO Tiejun;XIN Xiaoru;This study aimed to clarify the effects of kaempferol on human T-cell leukemia virus type-1(HTLV-1) and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma(ATLL), and to elucidate its molecular mechanisms in inhibiting HTLV-1 infection and suppressing ATLL proliferation. Cell co-culture systems with two drug treatment regimens were established, and flow cytometry, dual-luciferase reporter assays, quantitative reverse transcription PCR(RT-qPCR), and Western blotting were employed to investigate the effects of kaempferol on HTLV-1 infection and the underlying mechanisms. CCK-8 assays, colony formation assays, and flow cytometry were used to assess the effects of kaempferol on ATLL cell proliferation and apoptosis. In addition, network pharmacology combined with molecular validation experiments was performed to explore the signaling pathways involved. In co-cultures of HTLV-1-positive cell lines with JETWT35 cells, immediate low-dose kaempferol treatment significantly downregulated red fluorescent protein(RFP) expression(P < 0.01) and inhibited HTLV-1 infection(P<0.01). Likewise, in HTLV-1-positive/Jurkat co-cultures, low-dose kaempferol markedly reduced WT-Luc promoter activity(P<0.01) and significantly suppressed transcription of HTLV-1 viral genes, including Tax and HBZ(P<0.01). In contrast, administration of kaempferol after viral infection had been established(12 h post-infection) showed no such significant effect. Mechanistically, low concentrations of kaempferol dose-dependently suppressed expression of the envelope glycoprotein subunit gp46(P<0.01) in ATL-T and ATL-2 cells, thereby inhibiting viral particle release and subsequent HTLV-1infection. At higher concentrations, kaempferol dose-dependently inhibited malignant proliferation and induced apoptosis in ATLL cell lines(P<0.01), with more pronounced effects observed in HTLV-1-positive cells compared to HTLV-1-negative cells(P<0.01). Network pharmacology analysis further suggested that kaempferol exerts its anti-ATLL effects by targeting key molecules SRC and EGFR, a finding validated by Western blotting, which confirmed dose-dependently downregulation of SRC and EGFR expression. In conclusion, this study demonstrates for the first time that kaempferol exerts dual actions: it inhibits HTLV-1transmission and blocks malignant progression of ATLL cells. These findings underscore the potential of kaempferol as a candidate anti-HTLV-1 therapeutic agent and provide an important theoretical foundation for future in vivo studies and clinical translation.
Research Progress of Bacteriophages in Human Intestinal Diseases
GUO Yaqian;LIU Xinwei;LI Yongwei;Bacteriophages are a class of viruses that specifically infect bacteria and are widely colonized in the human intestine. As the main members of the enterovirite, bacteriophages participate in shaping the structure of microbial communities and regulating their functions through dynamic interactions with the intestinal microbiota, and maintain intestinal homeostasis, and their compositional changes are closely related to pathological processes such as inflammatory bowel disease(IBD), Clostridium difficile infection(CDI) and liver diseases.The purpose of this review is to systematically explore the important role and research progress of bacteriophages in human intestinal diseases, as well as to elucidate the key role of bacteriophages in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and regulating microbial community structure, so as to provide reference for the development of phage-based therapies for intestinal diseases.
Research Progress on Acute Respiratory Infections Associated with EV-D68
QU Yixuan;FAN Huan;DENG Fei;BAO Changjun;XU Ke;ZHU Liguo;Enteroviruses(EVs), members of the genus Enterovirus within the family Picornaviridae, are non-enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses. Enterovirus D68(EV-D68) was first identified in 1968 and circulates predominantly during the summer and autumn months. The prevalence of EV-D68 is higher among children, as well as in patients with acute flaccid myelitis(AFM) or asthma. Transmission occurs primarily via the respiratory route, and infection mainly results in respiratory diseases. In recent years, EV - D68 has attracted increasing global public health attention due to its high pathogenicity in acute respiratory infections and its potential to cause severe illness. Current diagnostic methods include nucleic acid detection, antigen assays, and serological testing. Several antiviral agents, such as pleconaril pleconaril, vapendavir, and the enterovirus capsid inhibitor pocapavir have been investigated, but no licensed vaccine is available to date. Experimental studies of a dual-adjuvanted inactivated vaccine in mouse models have shown promising protective efficacy. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the epidemiological characteristics, clinical manifestations, and immunological mechanisms of EV-D68 infection, as well as its interactions with other pathogens, and host immune responses. These insights provide a scientific basis for improved clinical management and evidence -based public health decision-making.
Research Progress on Dengue Vaccines
YAN Weimin;WANG Wei;Dengue fever is an acute mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by the dengue virus(DENV) and is endemic in over 100 countries and regions worldwide. Clinically, the disease ranges from mild to severe, and is categorized into dengue fever(DF), dengue hemorrhagic fever(DHF), and dengue shock syndrome(DSS).Due to the lack of effective vaccines and antiviral drugs, current treatment strategies remain primarily supportive. In 2015, CYD-TDV(Dengvaxia?) became the first licensed vaccine, with an overall protective efficacy of about 60%. However, it was later found to increase the risk of severe dengue in seronegative individuals, particularly children under nine years of age. The more recently approved TAK-003(Qdenga?) demonstrates approximately 80% efficacy after 12 months but provides insufficient protection against the DENV-3 serotype in dengue-na?ve individuals. The Butantan-DV candidate vaccine is currently in Phase III clinical trials to further evaluate its safety and efficacy in humans.. In addition, several other vaccine candidates remain under preclinical or clinical investigation. This review summarizes the progress of licensed dengue vaccines and discusses emerging strategies, with the aim of providing useful insights for the development of next-generation dengue vaccines.
Isolation of Subgroup J Avian Leukosis Viruses and Their Partial Sequence Comparison
DU Yan 1, CUI Zhi zhong 1,2 , QIN Ai jian 1, Silva R. F. 3, Lee L. F. 3 (1.Department of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; 2. College of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; 3.Subgroup J avian leukosis viruses (ALV J) were isolated from two broiler breeder farms with suspected diseased chickens and two commercial broiler flocks without clinical symptoms by inoculating the samples into chicken embryo fibroblast cells and PCR amplification of the infected CEF genomic DNA. In the indirect fluorescence assay (IFA) with ALV J specific monoclonal antibody JE9, 2 strains, SD9901 and SD9902 from breeder with suspected lesions, were strongly positive, another 2 strains, YZ9901 and YZ9902 from commercial broilers without clinical symptoms gave weak reactions. The genomes of strains YZ9901 and SD9902 were partially sequenced and the results indicated that their gp85 had 89%-93% identity in the amino acid level with ALV J prototype HPRS 103 and American strain ADOL HCl. The amino acid identity among themselves was 92%. The 3' noncoding LTR region had 95%-97% identity in the nucleotide level with ALV J prototype strain HPRS 103. But the Chinese strains had a 139 base deletion mutation in their E elements nearby the 3' LTR region and got an insertion of 11 base fragment instead.
CONSTRUCTION AND APPLICATION OF A HIGH LEVEL EXPRESSION VECTOR CONTAINING PRPL PROMOTER
Zhang Zhiqing Yao Lihong Hou Yunde(National Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing )A high level expression vector has been constructed,which contains PR PL promoter, cIts857 gene, multiple cloning sites ( MCS ) and two strong transcription terminators. Foreign gene with ATG signal can be inserted into the MCS, expressing non-fusion protein. Using this vector, we have expressed successfully the human interferon r,human interleukin-2 and human tumor necrosis factor. The foreign gene product accounts for more than 20% of the total cell protein.
NORWALK-LIKE VIRUS INFECTION FOUND IN DIARRHEA PATIENTS IN CHINA
Fang Zhaoyin Wen Leying Jin ShengJin Zhao Zhanghua C. Moe H. Yoshikura R.Glass(Institute of Virology,CAPM ,Beijing 100052) 1.Henan Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine; 2.Centers for Disease control and prevention,USA; 3.University of Tokyo,JapanNorwalk virus or Norwalk virus -like agents are important pathogens that causeoutberaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis. Two Norwalk-like virus isolates were identifiedin fecal specimens from acute diarrhea patients in Henan province during Oct.1990-Jan1991 rotavirus season by electron microscopy that shows 28nm diameter with structured capsid.RT-PCR using Norwalk -specific primer pair 51-3,and nucleotidesequencing of PCR products showed 72%homology of these two isolates to that of Norwalkvirus prototype 8FⅡa. Our finding suggests that more attention should be pai to outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis caused by Norwalk-like virus in China.
Identification of a New Subgroup of Avian Leukosis Virus Isolated from Chinese Indigenous Chicken Breeds
WANG Xin,ZHAO Peng,CUI Zhi-zhong(College of Veterinary Medicine,Shandong Agricultural University,Tai an 271018,China)In order to clarify Avian leukosis virus(ALV) characteristics from Chinese native chicken breeds,three ALV JS11C1,JS11C2 and JS11C3 were isolated from Chinese native breed "luhua" by inoculation of DF1 cell culture and detection of p27 antigen.Using PCR amplification of env gene,the amplified gp85 genes were analyzed and compared to all six chicken ALV subgroups reported.The gp85 genes of these three viruses were 1 005bp in length and encoded 335 amino acids,and the gp37 genes were 609bp and encoded 203 amino acids.The homology of gp85 among these three isolated strains was 91.9%-97.0%.Comparing to 18 stains of subgroup A,B,C,D,E published in GenBank,the homology was only in the range of 77.7%-84.6%,significantly lower than the gp85 homology observed within the common chicken subgroups A(88.2%-98.5%),B(91.6%-98.8%),and E(97.9%-99.4%).The gp85 homology compared with subgroup J was only 34.2%-36.5%.These results suggested that three isolated strains from Chinese native breed "luhua" belong to a new subgroup different from all six known subgroups from Chickens,and thus designated as subgroup K.
Identification of Enterovirus Type 71 by RT-PCR and the Gene Characterization
CUI Ai-li~ 1, XU Wen-bo~ 1, LI Xiu-zhu~ 2, HU Jia-yu~ 2, LING Hua~ 3, TANG Wei~ 2, YANG Zhi-hong~ 4, ZHANG Yan~ 1, CHEN Li~ 1, Hiroyuki Shimizu~ 5(1. National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 100052, China;2. Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China;3. Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400042, China;4. Childrens Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;5. National Institute of Hygiene, Japan)10 virus strains were isolated from clinical specimens of children with hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD), 9 isolates from Shanghai and 1 isolate from Chongqing. All of the 10 isolates were tested by RT-PCR assay with two specific primer pairs for VP1 genes of enterovirus type 71 (EV71) and Coxsackie virus A16 (Cox. A16) respectively. The enterovirus serotype 71 and Cox. A16 were primarily identified depending on the size of PCR products and the primers used. The RT-PCR results indicated that 2 EV71 isolates were from Shanghai, 1 was from Chongqing and 7 Cox. A16 isolates were from Shanghai. All of the 10 PCR products were sequenced, the sequence analysis confirmed that PCR identified results was 100% correlative to virus sequencing, so RT-PCR assay is highly specific and probably may be the first choice for identification of EV71 and Cox. A16. 891 nucleotides of VP1 coding genes of 3 EV71 isolated strains were sequenced and compared with that of previously isolated 7 EV71 Chinese isolates available from GenBank (SHZH03?SHZH98?SH-F1?SH-F2?SH-H25?SH-H26 and CHN-87) by homogeneity and phylogenetic tree analyses. The homogeneity of these 10 Chinese strains with the representative isolates of C genotype of EV71 was between 89.3%-94.6%; with the representative isolates of A and B genotypes was between 81.3%-84.0%. The data suggested that all of the 10 Chinese isolates belong to EV71 genotype C except CHN-87, which was untyped. The homogeneity of the 3 EV71 isolated strains and 6 previously isolated strains (SHZH03?SHZH98?SH-F1?SH-F2?SH-H25?SH-H26) were between 94.5%-100%, that formed a single branch in the phylogenetic tree. There were only 89.3%-92.9% homology among these 9 strains and the representative strains of C1?C2?C3 sub-genotypes of EV71, this suggested that these 9 Chinese isolates and the TAI-98 composed a new sub-genotype, the C4 sub-genotype, of the C genotype. EV71 of sub-genotype C4 distributed in Shenzhen, Chongqiang and Shanghai from 1988-2003. It is much helpful to develop EV71 diagnosis, virus surveillance, virus standard nomenclature and set up EV71 virus bank and virus gene bank to accelerate the control and prevention of EV71 outbreak in China and in the world.
Research Progress on the Infection Mechanism of Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2
LU Rongguang;WU Jing;BAI Xue;LIU Weiquan;An emerging infectious disease COVID-19 which caused by a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2,has spread to many countries and regions around the world. For now,COVID-19 triggered a global public concern about healthy safety. Although just about 2% SARS-CoV-2 infected patients have contacted with wild animals,most scientists still believe that SARS-CoV-2 origin from wild animals. In fact,virus interspecies transmission is very difficult and lead to the new host dead in most cases. However,different from the other viruses,SARSCoV-2 have adapt to human body very well since SARS-CoV-2 emerged. Thus,we reviewed several research advances about etiology,function receptor and evolution of SARS-CoV-2,try to provide a new perspective to understand the emergence of SARS-CoV-2.
Prediction of the Epidemic Trend of COVID-19
YAN Mingjiang;DONG Yihong;JIA Xiangen;ZHENG Haiyang;XIN Yu;Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) spread initially from Wuhan(Hubei Province,China) in December 2019 through China,but is now a pandemic. Unprecedented steps have been taken throughout China to vigorously carry out disease treatment and epidemic prevention. Official statistics published by the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China were collected to predict the trend of the epidemic. In the traditional Susceptible,Exposed,Infectious,Recovered(SEIR) model,only infectious patients and noninfectious latent patients are considered. However,COVID-19-diagnosed patients cannot infect the susceptible population because they have been isolated in hospitals,whereas latent patients may be infectious. Based on this information,we propose an improved model of infectious-disease transmission:"ISEIR". In ISEIR,patients are divided into outpatients(with infectivity)and inpatients(infectivity is not considered). Preclinical patients who are infectious are also considered. ISEIR fits model parameters dynamically with historical data to exclude the limitations of fixed parameters. The data of patients diagnosed early with COVID-19 in Hubei Province,China was seriously distorted. Therefore,according to the probability distribution of the daily basic reproduction number(R0),the clinical-diagnosis data of February 12–14 were preprocessed and spread into previous data to correct distortion of previous data. The epidemic situation was divided into two regions:the whole country(excluding Hubei Province,China)and Hubei Province,China. The new ISEIR predicts further development of the future epidemic,and calculates the change in daily R0. Results revealed that the R0 of Hubei Province,China has reduced gradually from 3.108. All patients will be cured and discharged from hospital around April 19.The initial R0 of China(excluding Hubei Province)was 1.929,and all patients will be cured around March 26.Results showed that the epidemic has been suppressed effectively under strict prevention-and-control measures.It is also necessary to prevent rebound of the epidemic situation caused by the resumption of employment.
Research Progress in Novel Coronavirus(2019-nCoV)-Related Drugs In Vitro and In Vivo
SONG Gao;CHENG Mengqun;WEI Xianwen;In December 2019 in Wuhan City(Hubei Province,China),multiple cases of patients with pneumonia infected by a new type of coronavirus were noted. With the spread of the epidemic,other cases in China and overseas have also been found. On 12 January 2020,the World Health Organization tentatively named it"2019 Novel Coronavirus"(2019-nCoV). This is a new type of virus,which is highly infectious and can cause severe respiratory diseases. A clinically efficacious treatment is lacking. We reviewed the guidelines for recommended therapeutic drugs and drug-development advances with the aim of providing a reference for clinical treatment of 2019-nCoV infection.
Research Progress on SARS-CoV-2
XIE Qian;WU Zhengyu;SHU Yuelong;Since December 2019,the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)in Wuhan,China,has spread rapidly to other provinces and cities in China,and worldwide. Severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS)-CoV-2 belongs to the β-coronavirus family,which is closely related to SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome(MERS)-CoV,but quite different,especially in the spike protein. SARS-CoV-2 may be derived from bats according to sequence comparison. SARS-CoV-2 uses the same receptor,angiotensin converting enzyme Ⅱ(ACE2),as SARS-CoV. The main transmission routes include droplets and close contacts. The lack of effective drugs and vaccine is a challenge for outbreak control.
Research Progress of the Molecule Mechanisms of Ebola Virus Infection of Cells
SHI Ming,SHEN Yu-qing(Medical School of Southeast University,Nanjing 210009,China)Ebola virus can cause severe Ebola hemorrhagic fever.The mortality rate is 90 percent.Up till now,there is no effective vaccine or treatment of Ebola virus infection.Relaed researches on Ebola virus have become a hot topic in virology.The understanding of molecular mechanisms of Ebola virus infection of cells are important for the development of vaccine and anti-virus drugs.Therefore,this review summarized the recent research progress on the mechanisms of Ebola virus infection.
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